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Iosif Ziselovich Begun, sometimes spelled Yosef (born July 9, 1932 in Moscow, Russia) ((ロシア語:Иосиф Зиселевич Бегун), (ヘブライ語:יוסף ביגון)), whose last name is pronounced "bee-goon" and in Russian literally means "runner," is a former Soviet refusenik, prisoner of conscience, human rights activist, author and translator. Over the course of 17 years, Begun was imprisoned three times and spent over eight years in prisons and labor camps as a political prisoner.〔Jackson, James O. "(Soviet Union A Day in the Depths of the Gulag )." ''Time Magazine''. March 9, 1987.〕 He was pardoned and freed in 1987 after political pressure from Jewish political organizations and the U.S. Government. == Biography == Begun was born and grew up in Moscow, Soviet Union. He graduated from the radio technology department of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, in 1957, and the department of mathematics at Moscow State University (the extension school), in 1962. He received a Candidate of Technical Sciences degree and worked as an electronics engineer and a statistician. From 1971 to 1988, Begun was repeatedly arrested for his political activities. He was dismissed from his job as an engineer in 1971 after having submitted an application to emigrate.〔"(Iosif Begun, a Defiant Man )." ''The New York Times''. February 13, 1987.〕 After that he began teaching Hebrew, but since this was not regarded as useful work, he was arrested on charges of social parasitism, and sent into exile in Siberia.〔 One of his early arrests, in 1972, was during a 10-day Moscow visit by President Richard Nixon. After his first two labor camp terms, he was forced to live beyond the 101st kilometre, in Strunino Village, Vladimir Oblast. He advocated for the free emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. In 1982, he received a seven-year sentence for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." His actual crime was writing descriptions of the situation of Soviet Jews that the authorities deemed to be anti-Soviet.〔 His struggles led to wide protests in the West, by NCSJ and other Jewish organizations, and to U.S. diplomatic protestations. In the coverage of his case by various media outlets, he was described as a Jewish activist,〔Bohlen, Celestine. "(Soviet Shift on Visas Raises Hopes, Concerns of 'Refusedniks' )." ''The Washington Post''. April 18, 1985.〕 or, in one instance, as a "leader of the Jewish emigration movement."〔King, Wayne, and Irvin Molotsky. "(Rally for a Soviet Jew )." ''The New York Times''. January 31, 1987.〕 In February 1987 refusenik protests against Begun's continuing imprisonment took place on Arbat Street in downtown Moscow. The protesters, among them Begun's son Boris Begun, Begun's wife Inessa Begun, veteran refusenik Emilia Shrayer and other refuseniks, were attacked and beaten by KGB agents in plain sight of onlookers and foreign journalists.〔Whittaker, Mark, with Robert B. Cullen. "Countering Gorbachev." ''Newsweek''. February 23, 1987.〕〔Shrayer, Maxim D. ''Leaving Russia: A Jewish Story''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2013. pp. 248-257.〕〔Goldstein, Steve. "Crowd Derides Moscow Protesters." ''The Philadelphia Inquirer''. February 10, 1987.〕 Following the refusenik protests, Begun's release from prison was announced on February 16, 1987, by Georgy Arbatov, a member of the Central Committee, in a ''Face the Nation'' interview on ''CBS''.〔Barringer, Felicity. "(Soviet Announces A Jewish Dissident Has Been Released )." ''The New York Times''. February 16, 1987.〕 In January 1988, a year after he was freed, Begun and his family were permitted to immigrate to Israel.〔"(Begun Leaves Soviet, Ending 17-Year Emigration Struggle )." ''The New York Times''. January 19, 1988.〕 In May 1988, President Ronald Reagan invited and honored Iosif Begun at the White House.〔Reagan, Ronald. "(Remarks at a White House Briefing on Religious Freedom in the Soviet Union )." May 3, 1988. Accessible from Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. In the (official photograph ), Begun is on the right.〕 Begun's arrest, trial and imprisonment were followed and recorded by Amnesty International.〔(A Chronicle of Current Events ).(PDF)〕 He was fully rehabilitated in 1992, and got back his Russian citizenship in 2001.〔(As Former Refuseniks Reminisce, They Think About a New Movement ), NCSJ, December 23, 2001.〕 Haifa University awarded Begun an honorary doctorate "in recognition of his continued struggle to make an Aliah."〔(Honorary Doctorate Conferees )〕 Begun settled in Jerusalem, and as of 2010 was running a small publishing house specializing in the translation of Jewish books into Russian.〔Mark, Jonathan. "(An Outlaw in Autumn: Yosef Begun, the old prisoner of Zion, still defiant )." ''The Jewish Week''. May 18, 2010.〕〔Kraft, Dina. (Yosef Begun making up for lost time )." ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency''. November 20, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iosif Begun」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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